Apparatus for decontaminating radioisotope-contaminated surace vicinity region by use of nonthermal laser peeling

ABSTRACT

An apparatus with which areas near surfaces in a water environment that are contaminated by radioisotopes are decontaminated by non-thermal laser peeling without suffering re-melting, re-diffusing and re-contaminating. The apparatus includes a piping structure with which a substance to be irradiated that has been deposited on outer and inner surfaces of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel, and a nuclear reactor container tank, and the internal nuclear reactor structures all having been contaminated with radioisotopes, can be removed in the water environment. The piping structure, to secure a region in a water environment that is gas pressurized to discharge the water and filled with the gas to not interfere with laser irradiation, has a semi-hermetically closed, incomplete water seal that is half-open with a siphon provided downward, a mechanical structure that withstands water pressure in a radial direction, and an extendable bellows-like tube to enable the piping structure to tilt.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. divisional application filed under 37 C.F.R.1.53(b) claiming priority benefit of U.S. application Ser. No.12/086,387, filed Jun. 12, 2008, allowed. This application also claimsthe benefit under 35 U.S.C. Section 371, of International ApplicationNo. PCT/JP2007/060872, filed May 29, 2007, which claimed priority toJapanese Application No. 2006-147918, filed May 29, 2006 in Japan, thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

This invention relates to a method by which areas near the surfaces ofapparatuses that are contaminated by many kinds of radioisotopes as theresult of handling many radioisotopes in the neighborhood ofaccelerators, nuclear reactors, RI product manufacturing factories,nuclear fuel factories, nuclear fuel reprocessing factories, etc. aredecontaminated by non-thermal laser peeling without sufferingre-melting, re-diffusing or re-contaminating, and an apparatus used inthat method. When a substance is irradiated with pulsed laser the pulseduration of which is extremely short, ranging from several hundredfemtoseconds to less than several picoseconds, it is evaporated orremoved from the irradiated region at a sufficiently faster speed thanthe energy dissipation of the laser, and the energy dissipation oflaser-induced, laser-accelerated or laser-energized electrons and otherparticles, and the thermal effects of these energy dissipations aretransmitted from the irradiated region to nearby areas; this phenomenonis called “non-thermal laser peeling.”

2. Description of the Related Art

Conventionally, the areas near the surfaces of apparatuses and theindustrial products that are contaminated by radioisotopes aredecontaminated by the following methods.

(1) The surface is physically or mechanically removed by sand blasting,grinder, surface polishing tool, and the like.

(2) The surface-deposited layer contaminated by radioisotopes ischemically corroded away with a chemical agent such as a chelating agentor an acid.

(3) The surface-deposited layer containing radioisotopes is irradiatedwith a continuous laser, a long-pulse laser or a short-pulse laserhaving a pulse duration with a period sufficiently longer than 10picoseconds, so that it is melted or thermally evaporated.

(4) The surface-deposited layer contaminated by radioisotopes isimmersed in an electrochemical etchant for electrochemical polishing.

(5) The surface-deposited layer contaminated by radioisotopes isirradiated with laser in a chlorine gas atmosphere so that thecontaminants in oxide form on the metal surface are converted to avolatile or water-soluble chloride, which is then removed.

(6) The surface-deposited layer contaminated by radioisotopes is coatedwith a gel-decontamination agent and irradiated with laser, so that thecontaminants are removed by the laser-induced chemical reaction.

(7) The surface-deposited layer contaminated by radioisotopes isphysically or mechanically removed by a kind of cold-working processeswhich uses a water jet, with or without ceramic or metal (cast iron oriron) abrasive particles, in either a gas or water environment.

SUMMARY

The above-described methods of removing the surface-deposited layercontaminated by radioisotopes have proven record and are extensivelyused; however, due to the rigorous applicability conditions of thosemethods in such terms as the substance to be treated, the area and theshape, the scope of their applicability is quite limited; in addition,100% decontamination is not guaranteed and in spite of more than 50%that can be decontaminated, a greater part of the depositedradioisotopes remain unremoved; on account of this limiteddecontamination performance, the conventional methods have the followingproblems.

The physical or mechanical methods of removing the surface-depositedlayer contaminated by radioisotopes are essentially cold-workingprocesses and in the process of removal, both the surfaces of thesurface-deposited layer and the structural component as well as thesurfaces of the particles contacted by sand blast particles, grinder,surface polishing tool or the like, the surface of the cutting edge, andthe surface of the tool are locally heated to a thousand and severalhundred degrees Celsius or higher, and cracks are mechanically generatedto develop during the removing operation. As a result, the radioisotopesin the surface-deposited layer locally re-melt, and re-diffuse on thesurface of the structural member or re-contaminate it, thus making itdifficult to achieve perfect decontamination.

The surface of the member structure underlying the surface-depositedlayer usually finds itself as having been unavoidably cold-worked duringmanufacturing, with the resulting concentration of crack susceptibilityand residual tensile force; hence, cracking has already developed in themanufacturing process or during machine operation prior todecontamination and, under a light-water corrosive environment, stresscorrosion cracking will develop over many years from the cracksusceptible surface, causing the radioisotopes to advance into deeperregions along the cracks. Under a strong corrosive environment that isbrought about by chemical agents such as acids used in decontamination,the stress corrosion cracking will develop within an even shorter time,again causing the radioisotopes to advance into a wider and deeperregion along the crack. As a result, like those in the surface-depositedlayer, the radioisotopes on the surface of the member structureunderlying the surface-deposited layer are directly transported into thebulk, where they permeate or diffuse to cause re-contaminating, therebymaking it difficult to achieve perfect decontamination.

Under these circumstances, the present invention has as its objectproviding a method of decontamination by non-thermal laser peeling, thatis free from the potential failure to remove the radioisotopes that havealready penetrated and diffused through and contaminated a deep and widearea due, for example, to stress corrosion cracking and the like in themanufacturing process or during machine operation beforedecontamination, that is free from the potential penetration anddiffusion of and re-contamination by radioisotopes on account of thecrack development by stress corrosion cracking of the cold-worked damageof the surface from chemical agents such as acids that are used indecontamination, that is substantially free of limitations on theintended environment, effectiveness, subject matter, intended area andany other applicability conditions, and which hence realizes adecontamination factor much higher than has been attained by theconventional decontamination methods, almost 100% decontamination, in aneasy and economical manner, whereby the penetration and diffusion of theradioisotopes during decontamination is prevented to eliminate or tominimize the possibility of re-contamination.

The “method of decontaminating radioisotope-contaminated surfacevicinity region by use of non-thermal laser peeling without re-melting,without re-diffusion and without re-contamination, and apparatustherefor” according to the present invention are characterized in thatparts, structural components, etc. that have their surfaces contaminatedby radioisotopes in the neighborhood of accelerators, nuclear reactors,RI product manufacturing factories, nuclear fuel factories, nuclear fuelreprocessing factories, etc. are decontaminated by non-thermal laserpeeling without suffering re-melting, re-diffusing or re-contaminatingin such a way that upon non-thermal laser irradiation, areas near theirradiated surface are evaporated and removed faster than the heatgenerated in the neighborhood of the irradiated surface is transmittedto nearby areas.

As described above, according to this invention, a high decontaminationfactor that has been impossible in the prior art is realized to enablealmost perfect decontamination that leaves no residual radioisotopesother than the base material becoming radioactive; in other words,decontamination by non-thermal laser peeling enables areas near theirradiated surface to be decontaminated without potential re-melting,re-diffusing and re-contaminating. In addition, this invention offersthe following significant effects that are unique to it.

(1) According to this invention, decontamination can be easily performedwithout physical or mechanical procedures using sand blasting, grinder,surface polishing tool or the like, either by hand or by means ofautomatic tools.

(2) According to this invention, decontamination can be easily performedwithout using any chemical corroding agents such as chelating agent andacid.

(3) According to this invention, decontamination can be easily performedwithout converting the contaminants in oxide form on the metal surfaceto a volatile or water-soluble chloride and halogenide by laserirradiation in a halogen gas atmosphere that is highly corrosive to theenvironment and that is so toxic and harmful that it has to be stored orotherwise handled with utmost care.

(4) According to this invention, decontamination can be easily performedwithout an electro-chemical procedure using an electro-chemical etchantand an electro-chemical polishing apparatus.

(5) According to this invention, decontamination can be easily performedwithout suffering re-melting, re-diffusing and, hence, re-contaminatingthat is unavoidable in the method of irradiating the surface-depositedlayer containing radioisotopes with a continuous laser, a long-pulselaser or a short-pulse laser having a period sufficiently longer than 10picoseconds, so that it is melted and thermally evaporated.

(6) According to this invention, decontamination can be easily performedwithout physically or mechanically removing theradioisotope-contaminated surface-deposited layer by a kind ofcold-working which uses a water jet, with or without ceramic or castiron abrasive particles, in either a gas or water environment.

(7) According to this invention, aside from the limitation posed by thenature as radioactive waste, there are no limitations in such aspects asthe weight, shape and chemical properties of the substance to betreated, the ambient atmosphere, the ambient environment, and theworking area and, hence, decontamination can be performed over a largearea in an easy, economical and safe manner.

(8) According to this invention, the post-decontamination radiation doserate is reduced to the lowest level that can be expected indecontamination and, hence, most of the radioactive wastes that haveheretofore been disposed of as radioactive waste since they cannot becompletely freed of surface contamination despite the comparatively lowradioactive level of the base material, can be recycled for further useas non-radioactive industrial waste.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above object and features of the present invention will be moreapparent from the following description of some preferred embodimentswith reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates how an RI-containing surface-deposited layer ispeeled off by a non-thermal laser in a gas environment.

FIG. 2 illustrates a method of decontamination by non-thermal surfacepeeling, in which an RI-containing surface-deposited layer is irradiatedwith a non-thermal laser in a water environment so that it is removed bynon-thermal evaporation faster than heat transfer, followed by blowing afluid such as a gas so that the peeled-off pieces of the depositedsurface layer are inhaled through an exhaust pipe.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[FIG. 1]

1: stainless steel-made non-radioactive structural component

2: several hundred femtosecond to several picosecond, ultra-short pulsednon-thermal laser

3: nozzle for blowing a fluid such as highly pressurized, carrying gasand liquid

4: exhaust pipe for inhaling peeled-off pieces of the surface-depositedlayer

5: stainless steel-made interface that is free of a molten portion, aswell as re-contaminating and re-diffusing

6: light emission optical spectrometer or radiation detector formonitoring the decontamination factor.

[FIG. 2]

1: non-thermal laser

2: stainless steel structural component

3: RI-containing, surface-deposited layer

4: carrying fluid and a blow-off pipe for RI-removal

5: exhaust pipe for inhaling peeled-off pieces of the RI-containing,surface-deposited layer

6: extendable telescopic pipe with compressive resistance

7: semi-hermetically closed, incomplete water seal

8: open water-sealing valve

9: decontamination monitoring light emission optical spectrometer orradiation detector

10: water environment

Using a superconducting linac-driver free-electron laser unit which isthe only available several hundred femtoseconds to less than severalpicosecond, ultra-short pulsed kW class high average power laser thatcan deliver the highest average power of at least the kW class,irradiation is conducted as shown in FIG. 1 to effect non-thermalpeeling, whereby decontamination is achieved without re-melting,re-diffusing and re-contaminating.

To be more specific, a layer containing RI (radioisotopes) that had beendeposited on the surface of a stainless steel-made non-radioactivestructural component 1 was irradiated with an ultra-short pulsednon-thermal laser 2 having a pulse duration ranging from several hundredfemtoseconds to less than several picoseconds, whereupon thesurface-deposited layer was excised. Simultaneously, an carrying fluid 3in either a gas or fluid form was blown against the laser irradiatedarea to peel the excised pieces of the deposited layer, which wereremoved by being inhaled through an exhaust pipe 4. The degree ofdecontamination by peeling was monitored with a light emission opticalspectrometer or a radiation detector 6 to ensure that the stainlessgamma ray or X ray steel-made interface 5 which was the substance to bedecontaminated was free from molten areas and, hence, fromre-contaminating and re-diffusing.

As shown in FIG. 2, by irradiation with a non-thermal laser in a waterenvironment, the RI-containing surface-deposited layer was subjected toremoval through non-thermal evaporation, in which it was evaporated andremoved at a faster rate than the heat generated near the surface due tolaser irradiation was transferred to the neighborhood. A fluid such as agas was blown against the irradiated area so that the peeled-off piecesof the deposited layer were efficiently inhaled through the exhaustpipe, whereupon they were non-thermally peeled from the area near thesurface to achieve decontamination.

To be more specific, a piping structure furnished with a compressed gasintroduction system, an open water-sealing valve 8, an extendabletelescopic pipe with compressive resistance, 6 and a semi-hermeticallyclosed, incomplete water seal, 7 was pressed against an RI(radioisotope)-containing layer 3 deposited on the surface of astainless steel-made non-radioactive structural component 2 via thewater-sealing valve by adjusting the extendable telescopic pipe withcompressive resistance. In the next step, a compressed gas wasintroduced into the piping structure through the compressed gasintroduction system and the water in the compressed gas introductionsystem was discharged through the open water-sealing valve 8 so that theinterior of the piping structure was filled with the compressed gas toform an area filled with the compressed gas. Thereafter, the RI(radioisotope) containing layer 3 that had been deposited on the surfaceof the stainless steel-made non-radioactive structural component 2 wasirradiated with an ultra-short pulsed non-thermal laser 1 having a pulseduration ranging from several hundred femtoseconds to less than severalpicoseconds, whereupon the surface-deposited layer was fractured.Simultaneously, a carrying fluid 4 was blown against the laserirradiated area to peel the fractured pieces of the deposited layer,which were removed by being inhaled through an exhaust pipe 5. Thedegree of decontamination by peeling was monitored with a radiationdetector 9 to ensure that the stainless steel-made interface which wasthe substance to be decontaminated was free from re-contaminating andre-diffusing.

If desired, non-normal incidence irradiation may be performed such thata non-thermal laser is applied at a shallow angle (closer to thehorizontal) with respect to the surface to be peeled, so that the peeledsubstance will recoil in a greatly different direction than laserincidence; this ensures that the residue left after peeling by laserirradiation can easily be removed automatically as it recoils and thatthe hot recoiled residue will not build up on the irradiated surface.The exhaust pipe is provided in a nearby area such as to facilitate theremoval of the peeled substance, which is inhaled through the pipe.

In order to ensure that the comparatively warm residue or irradiatedsurface will not react with the oxygen in the air to generate intenseheat, an inert gas such as a inert gas among fluids may be jetted toshield the air from the irradiated surface so that temperature elevationis prevented while, at the same time, the residue is blown off from theirradiated surface by means of the fluid jet and removed at high speed.

In order to facilitate the irradiation and the isolation by the fluid,the flow of the fluid is preferably made coaxial with or in a generallyidentical direction to the direction of laser irradiation. In addition,to ensure that the flow of the fluid will not be disturbed, therebyhelping it cover the irradiated surface smoothly, the whole assemblycomprising the irradiated surface, the laser unit, the fluid blow-offorifice and the like may be shielded by a cylindrical isolator or anyother suitable means such as an isolating fluid jet.

Further in addition, the fluid jet may be expanded adiabatically andused as an atomized jet of a liquefied gas or, alternatively, a mixtureof a different atomized fluid and a gas may be used to realize not onlyan ultrasonic or high-speed jet that permits easy removal of the residuebut also cooling of the irradiated surface and effective air shielding.

1. An apparatus with which areas near surfaces in a water environmentthat are contaminated by radioisotopes are decontaminated by non-thermallaser peeling without suffering re-melting, re-diffusing andre-contaminating, the apparatus comprising: a piping structure withwhich a substance to be irradiated that has been deposited either onboth the outer and inner surfaces of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel,and a nuclear reactor container tank, and the internal nuclear reactorstructures and the like, all having been contaminated withradioisotopes, can be removed in the water environment, the pipingstructure being such that in order to secure a region in a waterenvironment that is gas pressurized to discharge the water and filledwith the gas so that it will not interfere with laser irradiation, ithas a semi-hermetically closed, incomplete water seal that is half-openwith a siphon provided downward, has a mechanical structure thatwithstands water pressure in a radial direction, and has an extendablebellows-like tube or any other extendable telescopic structure thatenables the piping structure to be tilted over a wide range in an axialdirection that is generally perpendicular to the surface to beirradiated with the laser.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1,further comprising a radiation detector or a light emission opticalspectrometer to monitor the decontamination process in the neighborhoodof either the area being removed by non-thermal laser peeling or thearea where the radioisotopes separately recovered through an exhaustpipe are piled-up after the removal by non-thermal laser peeling.